Андрей Горохов: Чтобы инвестпотоки питали экономику непрерывно, льготироваться должны не только начальные инвестиции, а вообще любые
На сочинском форуме врио губернатора Антон Алиханов сказал, наверное, ключевую вещь, высвечивающую коренной недостаток инвестиционной политики в России. В конечном счете, главная задача особых экономических зон и территорий особого развития заключается в привлечении инвестиций в экономику регионов. Но инвестиции должны быть непрерывным процессом, настоящим «конвейером развития», а не разовым вложением. Как происходит сейчас? Скажем, появляется компания, готовая вложить 150 млн руб. в строительство завода. Она становится резидентом ОЭЗ, получает нулевую ставку по налогу на прибыль и прочие преференции. Но на этом всё — первая инвестиция отработана, льготный режим заканчивается через шесть лет, и совершенно нет стимулов делать новые инвестиционные вложения, например, в строительство новых цехов на территории завода.
Понятно, что многие инвесторы идут путем дробления своих компаний: создают новые юрлица, чтобы вновь подключиться к льготам. Но эти схемы затратны, они означают финансовые издержки, усложняют структуру управления бизнесом. Бессмысленная трата сил, средств и времени на бюрократию вместо того, чтобы заниматься прямым делом — развитием производства.
Если мы хотим сделать так, чтобы инвестпотоки питали экономику непрерывно, государству нужно менять подход. Льготироваться должны не только начальные инвестиции, а вообще любые. При двух существенных оговорках. Первое — ты действительно создаешь рабочие места, платишь сотрудникам зарплаты «выше среднего», вкладываешься в производство согласно обязательствам в инвестконтракте. Но, если не исполняешь свои обязательства, льгот лишаешься. Такой вот дисциплинирующий бизнес момент, чтобы инвестиционная политика не превратилась в бесконтрольную раздачу государственных льгот и преференций.
Этот принцип — льготы в обмен на инвестиции — сработал во многих странах опережающего развития. Об этом я писал в журнале «Эксперт». Он позволял буквально за два-три года утраивать обороты предприятий. Мы сегодня жалуемся на то, что у государства нет средств стимулировать экономический рост. Пожалуйста, вот почти неисчерпаемый источник в виде частного капитала. Но, чтобы запустить «конвейер инвестиций», государство должно выстроить правильную инвестиционную политику.
Очень важно, что в федеральном центре выразили публичную поддержку Антону Алиханову по поводу «гибкой системы льгот для частного капитала». То, что мы обсуждали у себя в регионе, может реализоваться на уровне всей страны.
* Мнение высказано советником губернатора по инвестиционной политике, членом рабочей группы по разработке нового закона о территории в качестве комментария на заявление главы Калининградской области Антона Алиханова о том, что действующее российское законодательство, регулирующее режимы особых экономических зон и территорий опережающего развития, не содержит инструменты для роста инвестиционной активности.
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