10 декабря
Александра Смирнова: При ратификации договора о зоне свободной торговле завершать наш переходный период в 2016 году - страшно недальновидный шаг
Создание зоны свободной торговли предполагает, что страны-участницы договариваются о правилах определения страны происхождения товара. Это делается, чтобы свободная торговля распространялась только на те товары, в которых доля добавленной стоимости, созданная на территории зоны, превышает определенный порог. Если бы такого условия не было, то импортеры предпочли бы провозить товары через таможни тех стран, в которых тариф на этот товар ниже, и пошлину бы получала страна с самой низкой таможенной пошлиной.
Допустим, в Украине или Киргизии пошлина на какой-нибудь промежуточный товар, например, ДСП или ТВ-тюнер, меньше российской. Суть соглашения в том, что если данный промежуточный товар подвергается на территории страны-участницы соглашения достаточной переработке, например из него делается шкаф или телевизор, то этот готовый шкаф или телевизор можно ввозить в РФ беспошлинно. То есть делать шкафы или телевизоры становится выгоднее в той стране, где издержки меньше, потому что ввозятся эти товары на территорию стран-участниц соглашения из других стран-участниц соглашения беспошлинно.
Издержки бывают разные. Не только связанные с импортными пошлинами на промежуточные товары, но и с производительностью труда - киргизы работают за меньшие деньги; климатом - в Украине и Молдавии лучше условия для сельхозпроизводства; стоимостью энергии - в России газ дешевле, и коррупцией (пока примерно одинаковые издержки, но теоретически возможно, что украинцы, чтобы завоевать российский рынок, освободят свой бизнес от платы за подключение и будут мгновенно выдавать разрешение на строительство).
Снятие торговых барьеров, с одной стороны, хорошо, потому что повышает конкуренцию, и потребители выигрывают в итоге во всех странах, с другой стороны, Калининградской области будет плохо в краткосрочной перспективе. Но с третьей стороны, если уж по отношению к Украине Россия убирает пошлины, то по отношению к своей Калининградской области поступить иначе было бы недальновидно, потому что этот торговый союз одновременно с завершением переходного периода приведет к тому, что предприятия, закрытые в Калининградской области, откроются в других странах, а не в России.
Поэтому если такой договор будет ратифицирован, что не факт, завершать переходный период по закону об ОЭЗ в Калининградской области в 2016 году будет страшно недальновидный шаг.
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Новости по этой теме
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